Sql browser service. Failure #4: Not updating and patching your systems.

Mar 15, 2024 · Si applica a: SQL Server - solo Windows. Viewed 236 times. The SQL Writer service provides added functionality for backup and restore of SQL Server through the Volume Shadow Copy Service framework. My SQL Server 2014 Configuration Manager is empty except for SQL Server Integration Services 12. Cuando se instala en un clúster. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. To show a better SQL Server Click "Run SQL" to execute the SQL statement above. When an instance of SQL Server is set up, what TCP port it listens on depends. I try to start SQL server Browser Service from SQL Server Configuration Manager and it takes a long time to fail, then fails with: The request failed or the service did not respond in a timely fashion. When a server has two or more network cards, SQL Server Browser will return all ports enabled for SQL Server. SSMS 18. Seu objetivo principal é facilitar o mecanismo de acesso às instâncias do SQL It broadcasts to resolve the name of the host that SQL is running on, this is unrelated to SQL server, it's related to name resolution. Open sql server configuration management. Feb 18, 2024 · I have rerun the install after following the 'SQL EASY' guidelines suggested, but wonder if I missed a trick somewhere along the line. Download now. ( Win + R, then type services. Nếu chưa thì thực hiện như sau: Nhấn đúp chuột vào mục SQL Server Brower, sau đó chọn tab Service. The service provides the client the TCP port number that corresponds to that named instance. See different scenarios of connectivity to named and default instances with SQL browser running or stopped. May 30, 2023 · SQL Server Browser se instala con SQL Server. I successfully changed the value, but it didn't fix my issue. SQL Server Browser reads the registry, identifies all SQL Server instances on the computer, and notes the ports and named pipes that they use. SQL Server Browser écoute les demandes entrantes de ressources Microsoft SQL Server et fournit des informations sur les instances SQL Server installées sur l’ordinateur. Aug 28, 2012 · SQL Browser Service resolves instance name. Also, I don't have the sqlbrowser. May 28, 2012 · The SQL Server Browser Service is installed often in Disabled state (and this is what my SQL Slammer link is about, it gives the history why the Browser service is preffered to be disabled unless required). Dec 10, 2020 · 4. Aug 23, 2021 · SQL Server Agent Service. Ensure SQL browser service is running; Ensure the port on which SQL browser service runs, is not blocked from PC (default port 2382) Alternatively, you can bypass SQL Browser Service, by mentioning "Server:Port" instead of "Server\instance name", in the client connection properties The SQL Server Browser program runs as a service on the server. SQL Server 2022 Express is a free edition of SQL Server, ideal for development and production for desktop, web, and small server applications. Jun 10, 2013 · Browser Artical. Ele é executado como uma extensão do Protocolo de Resolução do SQL Server (SSRP) e fornece informações de instância e porta para solicitações de conexão recebidas. then click SQL Server Browser, click Automatic for Startup type, and then click Apply. Network Communications - Talking to SQL Server. Ensure that 'SQL Browser' service is running. Nov 14, 2022 · This requires that you configure SQL Server networking correctly, and there are various ways of doing so. SQL Developer offers complete end-to-end development of your PL/SQL applications, a worksheet for running queries and scripts, a DBA console for managing the database, a Feb 11, 2013 · Stop the SQL Server service (this is important) Right click on SQL Server Browser --> Properties Select Automatic in the drop-down under start mode in the services tab Jan 23, 2012 · The Microsoft SQL Browser Service is a service that runs on a machine that has Microsoft SQL Server installed, and provides information to clients about the SQL server instances installed on the PC. Use the Service tab on the SQL Server Browser Properties dialog box to view the following options. There are no instances of SQL Server or SQL Server Analysis Services. Oct 4, 2023 · After creating an account in MS SQL, you must configure the SQL Server Browser service. The Browser Service responds to client requests by providing a list of SQL Server Instances (e. Open the SQL Server Browser service properties in one of the following ways: Double-click the name of Service Name: SQLBrowser. Set 'Startup Type' to 'Disabled'. Mar 3, 2023 · The SQL Server Browser program runs as a service on the server. For information about SQL Server Support lifecycle, see SQL Oracle SQL Developer is a free, integrated development environment that simplifies the development and management of Oracle Database in both traditional and Cloud deployments. The SQL Server Browser service for Microsoft SQL Server 2008 or for Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 periodically does not respond to incoming requests. Apr 14, 2014 · TCP port 2382 is used for connection requests to a named instance of Analysis Services. Jun 25, 2018 · Due to all the above offerings, as security best practice, the SQL Server Browser service is disabled by default, as reduces the attack surface area by not having a specific UDP port open. The client has to know what server name to connect to in the first place. Failure #6: Using improper authentication. MS SQL Server database browser and navigator contains features such as browsing database objects and structures, generating SQL, and more and is available for Windows, macOS / Mac OS X, and Linux. The SQL Server Browser Service looks more like the services we're used to, and you can see it if you look at the list of services on a computer: Dec 2, 2021 · Microsoft SQL Server Browser contributes to three actions: Browses a list of available servers. It is only required for named instances or instances listening on non-default ports. Any solution, on how to install the A SQL Server table conversion tool for converting SQL Server tables to other databases such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQLite, and more. For information about starting and stopping the [!INCLUDEssNoVersion] Browser service, see Start, Stop, Pause, Resume, Restart the Database Engine, SQL Server Agent, or SQL Server Browser Service. g. If you use SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS), select the Connection Properties tab in the Connect to Server dialog box, and set Connection time-out setting to a higher value. If you visit the Editions and supported features of SQL Server 2019 on Linux and scroll down to the Unsupported features & services section you will find the following services listed as unsupporrted: Services SQL Server Browser <<== Unsupported! SQL Server R services1. Set "Startup Type" to "Disabled". In addition to a server, you get a SQL Database where you can store and access your data. and try this registry Key. On the SQL Server Surface Area Configuration page, click Surface Area Configuration for Services and Connections. When you are connecting an application to a SQL server, generally the software has the capabilities to send a broadcast query out onto the network The SQL Server Browser service is a connection resolution service. Jan 9, 2024 · SQL Server Browser service: UDP port 1434: The SQL Server browser service listens for incoming connections to a named instance. Some examples of services are the drivers for your keyboard and mouse, your antivirus software, and the SQL Server Service. The client application then re-connects SQL. Il programma SQL Server Browser viene eseguito come servizio di Windows. SQL Server Browser Service is a Windows service that helps clients locate SQL Server instances on a network. In the left pane, select the SQL Server services. msc ) Then right click on the SQL Server process and click Properties. Connects to Dedicated Administrator Connection (DAC) endpoints. Stackexchange. If "Service Status" is "Running", click on "Stop". Scenario 3. Feel free to experiment with any SQL statement. The summary log file (shown at the end of my post) shows that installation of Database Engine Services failed. 35. Real-time Code Execution: Test your SQL queries instantly and see the results in real time. W3Schools has created an SQL database in your browser. Lưu ý: Ở bước này nên kiểm tra xem chế độ Start Mode của SQL Server Browser đã ở trạng thái Automatic hay chưa. During the installation of SQL Server Express 2012 on a new machine, I am able to specify the startup type of both the SQL Server Database Engine and the SQL Server Browser. If the connection eventually succeeds, it's a network issue. Our SQL tutorial will teach you how to use SQL in: MySQL, SQL Server, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres, and other database systems. If that doesn’t work, go to www. There are however cases, where the SQL Server Browser service must be up and running in order to properly use SQL Server services Jul 25, 2011 · 2. A list of services opens. Failure #8: Failing to control access to SQL Server resources. In the Run dialog box, type: cmd. You can validate by using np:hostname\<ServerName> as the Dec 29, 2015 · Here is the text of above run. The SQL Server Browser is closing. Restricción del acceso a solo direcciones IP de confianza. Mar 3, 2023 · SQL Server Browser listens on a UDP port and accepts unauthenticated requests using SQL Server Resolution Protocol (SSRP). Register now. So, I guess it wasn't installed from the start. I believe it depends on SQL Browser Service as well, which most of the time I find disabled. On startup, SQL Server Browser starts and claims UDP port 1434. make sure it has value 1 if you cant find it under 90 folder, search for SsrpListener because if May 17, 2018 · A service is a program that runs in the background that does not require any user interaction. May 23, 2023 · In this article. (Notice it should contain the domain, in my case is AD\myusername), then Check Names and accept. Mar 3, 2023 · Learn how to view the properties of the SQL Server Browser service that supports SQL Server Browser. I re-installed the OS (Windows 7) and started to install programs. Customer Feedback Reporting The hives for SQL Server have changed a bit over the years and it can be troublesome to keep up with. On the right pane, right-click SQL Server Browser and then select Properties Jan 3, 2019 · Scroll to "SQL Server Browser". " I have checked and the SQL Browser service is running both on my local machine and the server machine. SQL. Nov 17, 2019 · SQL Server Browser service group does not exist. Consult the event log or other applicable W3Schools Spaces is a website-building tool that enables you to create and share your website. To verify the SQL Server or SQL Server Express Browser Service is running: Open SQL Server Configuration Manager. This is my current configuration: DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Examples for SQL Server . However, SQL Server Browser service will respond through the local IP address. Then I checked for SQL Server Browser service. 1. If you open SQL Server Configuration Manager on a node of a cluster that does not host the resources, the services show as stopped. The client sends a UDP message to the server on port 1434 and the SQL Browser service returns a list of instances and port numbers. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\90\SQL Browser\SsrpListener. Nov 15, 2010 · To find the edition of your SQL Server instance, you can use one of the procedures in Method 2 through Method 5 in the Determine which version and edition of SQL Server Database Engine is running section. Jul 29, 2014 · Learn how SQL Server browser service plays a crucial role in connectivity and understand the internals of it by capturing the network monitor output. It's easy to use and doesn't require any setup. In the Log On Tab select "This account:" radio button. You can remove the port number and have it still work. As well, rather than connecting via < Server Name >\< Instance Name > I have tried connecting with IPAddress:Port. Applies to: SQL Server - Windows only This article describes how to start, stop, pause, resume, or restart the SQL Server Database Engine, the SQL Server Agent, or the SQL Server Browser service on Windows by using SQL Server Configuration Manager, SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS), net commands from a command prompt, Transact-SQL, or PowerShell. Therefore, I am not able to select Properties to Enable the browser. Then go to Log On, and select This account : Then click Browse, and add your username in the box. To promote the most secure environment, leave the SQL Server Browser service stopped, and configure clients to connect using the port Jul 8, 2010 · When you find the program Microsoft SQL Server Browser, click it, and then do one of the following: Windows Vista/7/8/10: Click Uninstall. Additionally, the monitor also contains a knowledge article with some basic troubleshooting information borrowed from the out-of-box SQL Windows service monitor. In the left pane, select SQL Server Services. On the Start menu, click Run. Oct 25, 2023 · 在启动后，SQL Server Browser 将启动并使用 UDP 1434 端口。 SQL Server Browser 将读取注册表，识别计算机上的所有 SQL Server 实例，并注明它们使用的端口和命名管道。 当一台服务器具有两个或多个网卡时， SQL Server 浏览器会为 SQL Server返回其遇到的第一个已启用的端口。 The Browser Service was introduced in SQL Server 2005 as a simple way to provide SQL Server connection information to client applications on workstations. Mar 3, 2023 · Applies to: SQL Server - Windows only. Again right-click the service and click on “ Start “. If you take note of the name (default is 'MSSQLSERVER') you can start the service (e. Dec 5, 2023 · Validate SQL Server Browser is running. exe file at location 'C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SQL Server\90\Shared\'. SQL Server Browser service would do the rest for you and it will connect you to the instance even if a custom port is being used. Clustered Indicates if this service is installed as a resource of a clustered server. For each instance of the database engine, the Microsoft SQL Server Browser service provides the instance name and the version number. The SQL Server Browser service helps users connect to multiple SQL instances on the same computer. 0. From the command prompt, type: net start sqlbrowser. Le programme SQL Server Browser s’exécute en tant que service Windows. To disable, in the Services tool, double-click 'SQL Server Browser'. (Conditional) If the SQL Server Browser is stopped, select SQL Server Browser, and on the Action menu, click Start. To configure the SQL Server Browser service: Open SQL Server Configuration Manager. The SQL Server Service is the executable process that IS the SQL Server Database Engine. So, I tried reinstalling the SSMS but I couldn't find any option to select for SQL Browser. 3. if the HideInstance Flag is No for both the instances and still not showing check out these 2 Posts in SO and DBA. SQLBrowser: starting up in console mode. If the agent service is not running, we can start the service by right-clicking the service and click on “ Properties “. Express. Follow the prompts. If you want to stop the SQL Server service on Linux then the following command will do the work. Oct 29, 2023 · S’applique à : SQL Server - Windows uniquement. After it's resolved, you can revert 2. Additionally, the clients may be unable to fix TCP-IP port or named pipe specifics for the requested instance name. . The SQL Server Browser service resolves the requested instance, and returns the TCP-IP Port, or named pipe specific for the desired instance to the client. Then we looked into Event Logs and found below messages in application event log. SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data in databases. To hide the SQL instance, in SQL Server Configuration Manager, expand SQL Server Network Configuration, right-click Protocols for , select "Properties", on the "Flags" tab, select "Yes" in the "HideInstance" box, then click "OK". If SQL Server is a default instance listening on port 1433, it doesn't have to be running. Aug 15, 2023 · I would like to either disable the service running on 1434 (I don't think this is possible) or change the address it binds to instead of localhost. This section contains F1 Help topics for the SQL Server Services dialog boxes in Microsoft SQL Server Configuration Manager. ) APPHOST,2828 So whether it's a default or named instance, you can connect via a fixed port number. Asked10 years, 7 months ago. Failure #4: Not updating and patching your systems. The Database Engine can be the default SQL Server is running, as shown in your screen shots: If Node is failing to connect to it, it's probably a flaw in your connection string. In this situation, the client connection may fail. , in a batch file, from command line) using sc start "MSSQLSERVER" (or whatever your server instance is called). By default, the SQL Server Database Engine has a Startup Type specified as Automatic. Click on "OK Mar 22, 2012 · In SQL Server 2005 and above, this is replaced by the SQL Server Browser Service. 0. The Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Security Best Practices - Operational and Administrative Tasks whitepaper unequivocally says "For a more secure configuration, always use static TCP/IP port assignments and disable the SQL Server Browser service. Windows 10. Check for earlier failures in the setup”. Options. Where SQL Server Browser is judged unnecessary, the Service can be disabled. It always runs on port 1434. msdn. SQL Server Browser consente di eseguire le azioni seguenti: Apr 29, 2015 · Failure #3: Implementing inadequate network security. Dec 18, 2023 · The SQL Server Browser Service has made a significant impact on database management by simplifying the process of connecting to SQL Server instances and enhancing the accessibility and flexibility of SQL Server environments, contributing to more efficient database management practices. SQLBrowser: Both SSRP and OLAP redirection services are disabled. Within express is not enabled by default: Open the SQL Server Surface Area Configuration. Figure 47: Launching the SQL Server Configuration Manager. SQL Server Browser rimane in ascolto delle richieste in arrivo per le risorse di Microsoft SQL Server e offre informazioni sulle istanze di SQL Server installate nel computer. - MicrosoftDocs/sql-docs Jan 17, 2018 · 2. Running SQL Server 2022. Check: Determine Whether the Database Engine Is Installed and Started 5. Changing the password of an account takes effect immediately without restarting the service. To start the SQL Server Browser service: Select Start > All Programs > Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 > Configuration Tools > SQL Server Configuration Manager. SQL Server Browser listens for incoming requests for Microsoft SQL Server resources and provides information about SQL Server instances installed on the computer. exe" -c. Apr 15, 2015 · The monitor is configured to only monitor instances of the SQL Browser service which are set to automatically start. When a server has two or more network cards, SQL Server Browser returns the first enabled port it encounters for SQL Server. My understanding is that port 1434 is for the "SQL Browser service" however I am unable to find a way to disable or change the address on which the service binds. Format numbers in SQL Server. Windows XP: Click the Remove or Change/Remove tab (to the right of the program). Normally the SQL Server Browser service is started whenever named instances of the Database Engine are used. A default instance will be set up to listen on port 1433. Sep 27, 2023 · The SQL Server Browser service lets users connect to instances of the Database Engine that are not listening on port 1433 without knowing the port number. In this article. You need to work with your network administrator to resolve the issue. 2. 12. My 'SQL Server' is setup to run automatically at SQL Bits 2023. Failure #5: Maintaining a large surface attack area. SQL Server Browser contribue aux actions Mar 6, 2017 · The SQL Server Browser service on Local Computer started and then stopped. Jun 12, 2012 · 0. It provides information about the list of installed SQL Server instances on the computer to the client computers/applications. Sep 23, 2020 · If SQL Server Browser is needed, document the justification and obtain the appropriate authorization. How to install SQL Server 2022 step by step. Change the start mode. Mar 17, 2010 · Toolbox sql-server-lAre you running any instances of SQL on the server now? If so, then try to reinstall the browser from that. Local System account Run the SQL Server Browser service in the security context of the Local System account. , ACCTIVATE) and the corresponding TCP/IP port number. A progress bar shows you how long it will take to remove Microsoft SQL Server Browser. The method with the SqlDataSourceEnumerator is flaky at times and although I will use it, not concrete evidence that instances are on the network. This UDP port is port 1434. It should show a bunch of other services, Like SQL Server, SQL Browser, SQL Agent, etc. Jul 30, 2021 · Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Please be sure to answer the question. Rolling up multiple rows into a single row and column for SQL Server data. Which is a system for running scheduled tasks in SQL Server. 3 days ago · 1. If SQL Server Browser is needed, document the justification and obtain the appropriate authorization. If its Startup Type is not shown as "Disabled", this is a finding. Failure #7: Assigning the wrong service accounts. Learn why you should disable it if you only have one SQL instance and how to do it in Windows Server. Script to retrieve SQL Server database backup history and Oct 26, 2020 · Find the 'SQL Server' service (it helps to sort by description column) and right click -> start. SQL Server Browser reads the registry, identifies all instances of SQL Server on the computer, and notes the ports and named pipes that they use. To disable, in the Services tool, double-click "SQL Server Browser". SQL Convert Date to YYYYMMDD. Open the Services Manager. For the remaining examples, we will ignore the SQL Server Browser. SQL 2012 Service Monitors – With Browser Service Monitor. Chờ cho đến khi SQL Server (MISA SME2017) chuyển sang trạng thái Running. Highlights of SQL Server Browser Windows Service: This service acts as a listener for the incoming requests for Microsoft SQL Server resources. Same port number for all the instances (AG replicas), and a different port number for the AG Listener Sep 25, 2012 · I have an instance of SQL Server 2012 Enterprise (thanks to MSDN) for local development on my PC. Select SQL Server Services from the navigation tree. It is bizarrely installed but not runnable when the SQL Server instance you're dealing with is SQL Server The SQL Browser or the SQL Server Listener Service uses UDP. Feb 18, 2011 · What OS are you running? I had a similar problem and resolved the issue changing the sql server browser account from a built in account to a name account with password. To use SQL Server Browser, you must open UDP port 1434. Much like the SQL Server Browser service does for the relational database engine on UDP 1434, the SQL Server Browser listens on TCP 2382 for requests for Analysis Services named instances. Provide details and share your research! But avoid …. Some services stop automatically if they are not in use by other services or programs. Next, under the “ Service ” section change the start mode from “ Disabled ” to “ Automatic “. If you try to connect to the database engine instance, the connection fails when this issue occurs. De manera predeterminada, el servicio SQL Server Browser se inicia automáticamente: Cuando se actualiza una instalación. In the right pane, ensure that SQL Server Browser is set to Running. To start the SQL Server service on Linux you can use the following command. This enables client applications to browse for a server, and helps clients distinguish between multiple instances of the Database Engine on the same computer. Applies to: SQL Server - Windows only. Shutting down browser service. SQLBits is the largest Microsoft Intelligent Data Platform conference with over 300 sessions from March 13-18, including SQL Server, Azure SQL, Power BI, Machine Learning, and more! Your customers can reconnect with old friends, build new relationships, gain new skills, and get world-class training. The change Oct 23, 2023 · (Specifying a port number is often necessary if the SQL Server Browser service is not running on the host computer. Sadly SQL Server Browser Service is not supported on Linux. SQL Fiddle offers a range of features designed to enhance your SQL learning and development experience: Multiple Database Support: Practice with different SQL language to improve your knowledge. Right click sql server browser and select properties. C:\WINDOWS\system32>"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SQL Server\90\Shared\sqlbrowser. One option is to give multiple IP addresses to the network interface or create a network interface per instance. Jul 8, 2015 · SQL Server uses the SQL Server Browser service to enumerate instances of the Database Engine installed on the computer. SQL Server Browser se puede configurar durante la instalación o utilizando el Administrador de configuración de SQL Server. Microsoft SQL Server Browser contributes to three actions: Browses a list of available servers. For, whilst the install failed, there is now just one cause namely - 'SQL_Browser_Redist_SqlBrowser_Cpu32', which has caused all 3 failures - Database Engine Services, Analysis Services & SQL Browser. Analysis Services then redirects the request to the appropriate port Upon startup, SQL Server Browser starts and claims UDP port 1434. The big difference between the two is with the SQL Server Listener Service, you could never shut it down. A named instance will be set to a random port chosen during installation. SQL Server Browser has a default Startup Type of Disabled. Now, you client simply contacts the server using UDP on port 1434. Tutorial. Technical documentation for Microsoft SQL Server, tools such as SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) , SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT) etc. If 'Service Status' is 'Running', click on 'Stop'. If the nodes of the SQL Server Services do not Dec 20, 2018 · Unlike connecting to a SQL Server instance, if you are connecting to the AG Listener, the SQL Server Browser doesn't help you omit the port number in the connection string. Another way is to tell SQL Server to stop listening on ALL IPs and only listen on some. Las medidas de seguridad para el servicio SQL Server Browser incluyen: Configuración de firewalls para permitir su tráfico. The Try-SQL Editor. If removing the tcp: prefix causes it to fail, you may be connecting via Named Pipes by default. SSRP = SQL Server Resolution Protocol. I found a related question, and did the solution listed there. Oct 25, 2023 · El servicio SQL Server Browser es fundamental para facilitar la comunicación de red con instancias de SQL Server. What isn't running is SQL Server Agent. Dec 16, 2020 · If SQL Server Browser is needed, document the justification and obtain the appropriate authorization. Aug 29, 2023 · Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Microsoft SQL Server, point to Configuration Tools, and then click SQL Server Configuration Manager. The SQL Writer service is installed automatically. Now the service starts automatically every time that Dec 8, 2013 · Cannot find the "SQL Browser" service in services. Features and Benefits. com and see if they have the downloads for the browser. I'm not sure if this is relevant, but in case it is: the database I am using to Dec 15, 2016 · But when I went into the services console, I found SIX different SQL services! Which ones do I need to start in order to simply connect to the database in SSMS? Here's what's listed in the Services Console: SQL Server (SQLEXPRESS) SQL Server Agent (SQLEXPRESS) SQL Server Browser ; SQL Full-text Filter Daemon Launcher (SQLEXPRESS) SQL Server Browser Service does not provide port resolution for default instances. You can restore the database at any time. Sep 22, 2023 · O serviço SQL Server Browser é um serviço do Windows introduzido com o SQL Server 2005. The menu to the right displays the database, and will reflect any changes. Resolving could not open a connection to SQL Server errors. The code editor is packed with features to help you achieve more: Templates: Start from scratch or use a template. Modified 10 years, 7 months ago. In cases where the instance to be accessed is using the default port TCP 1433 and SQL Server Browser Service is not running, you can connect to an instance without specifying the port. It must be running when the Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) application requests a backup or restore. The version information and edition information are in the same output string. systemctl start mssql-server. Aug 3, 2023 · Show the running status of the service passed as service_name followed by the most recent data in the service log. After installing SQL Server, I couldn't connect to the database via Windows authentication. Feb 21, 2023 · Via SQL Configuration Mgr, started in Administrative mode, the Start/Stop, from the pull-down for SQL Browser, are all greyed out. Oct 27, 2018 · I also tried searching for missing SQL Browser Service. Connects to the correct server instance. vb er as ov yy cl fs jb af cd