Regenerative agriculture degree. html>bh

Experience in agriculture, conservation, or (ideally) both. Sustainable Agricultural Land Management: University of Florida. Jul 9, 2020 · This career path may involve an opportunity to advise farmers on switching to regenerative agriculture methods, while also including more testing work by collecting samples and testing soils. edeanne@nrdc. Our 120-credit online Bachelor of Science Degree is ideal for anyone who cannot attend a residential college. This report highlights the need to create an outcome-based framework for measuring, assessing and scaling regenerative agricultural practices that benefit people and planet. Regenerative agriculture takes a systems-based, holistic look at the land being stewarded and applies various principles with the goal of making the land more productive and biodiverse over time. Feb 14, 2024 · The Yale Center for Business and Environment (CBEY) today announced the release of two new reports examining options to improve and advance regenerative agriculture practices, Bridging the Regenerative Agriculture Financing Gap, and Surf to Turf: Linking Regenerative Agriculture and Restorative Aquaculture in Coastal Foodscapes. Active 2 days ago ·. apply today. The Nestlé Agriculture Framework, released in September 2022, describes Nestlé’s corporate visionfor agriculture as a central building block for The Bachelor of Science at Southern Cross University is a flexible degree that allows you to incorporate a wide range of subjects with career-focused science specialisations. 5M grant to support northern California olive oil olive farmers who implement conservation agricultural practices that help build healthy soils. 40 hours per week. 89 - $38. Students will learn the basic principles of ecological systems, plant physiology, animal physiology and soil biology. “Fostering The enthusiasm for regenerative agriculture is fully warranted, but without thoughtful investment the movement will fall short. Regenerative Agriculture. Auburn, CA. $30. The Department of Regenerative Organic Agriculture explores the leading edge of regenerative organic agriculture principles and practices — key to improving soil health, human health, and climate health. In summary, here are 10 of our most popular agriculture courses. It covers all the challenges that farmers are currently facing, such as lower resource inputs whilst holding onto maximum efficiencies and yields, minimising negative environmental impacts such as biodiversity and soil organic matter, and adapting to climate change. Ecological and Regenerative Agriculture Mar 2, 2021 · The growing enthusiasm for Regenerative Agriculture highlights the need for agronomists to be more explicit about the fact that many of the categories and dichotomies that frame public, and to some degree the scientific debates about agriculture, have little if any analytical purchase. We're here Monday-Thursday 9am-5pm (please note we close at 3. Texas A&M College of Agriculture and Life Sciences is forging new territory for Texas A&M University with its newest department, the Department of Hospitality, Hotel Management and Tourism. By instilling you with sufficient knowledge and skills, MWCC will fully prepare you to transfer to a four-year college or university. Chaired by regenerative The Organic/Sustainable Agriculture Program is committed to supporting students and ensuring a fear-free, inclusive space where all students can thrive. Please note Summer 1 and Summer 2 terms are 5 weeks in duration for this program. Increase knowledge on the state of soil health in the province, address the fundamental components that comprise soil health and create opportunities to leverage soil as tool to store carbon. Regenerative agriculture describes holistic farming systems that, among other benefits, improve water and air quality, enhance ecosystem biodiversity, produce nutrient-dense food, and store carbon to help mitigate the effects of climate change. On this two-week course from EIT Food, you’ll learn what regenerative agriculture involves, why it’s crucial for the future of farming, and how to implement your own transition to Climate-smart and regenerative agriculture measures designed to put farmers at the centre can improve crop yields and turn farmland and pastures into carbon sinks, reverse forest loss, optimize the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers and rethink global and local supply chains to be more sustainable, reducing waste. It will develop specialist knowledge in a whole-of-system approach to farming, food distribution and production, examining human ecology, agro-ecology, regenerative agronomy, soil management and planning rural landscapes. Agroforestry can comprise trees on farms, in agricultural landscapes, and farming in forests and along forest margins. Find Your County Extension Office. 30pm. Drawing on the University’s specialist expertise in plant science, agronomy, ecology, agroforestry, environmental chemistry and socio-ecological systems, this specialisation delves into the emerging practices of, and growing evidence-base for regenerative agriculture, examining human ecology, agroecology, regenerative agronomy and soil The Regenerative Agriculture Lab will design and supervise 3-4 independent study projects with external organizations, businesses and actors who are deeply engaged with regenerative solutions that support a just and thriving agricultural community and food system for both people and the planet. Our curriculum emphasizes training in organic agriculture as defined by governments worldwide. Mar 2, 2021 · The growing enthusiasm for Regenerative Agriculture highlights the need for agronomists to be more explicit about the fact that many of the categories and dichotomies that frame public, and to some degree the scientific debates about agriculture, have little if any analytical purchase. 19. Sep 13, 2021 · The BSc in Regenerative Food and Farming gives you the opportunity to explore leading-edge alternatives to mainstream agricultural practices and food systems. Biodiversity of Pune, India. As with sustainable agriculture, regenerative agriculture focuses on reducing the impact of production on the land, but regenerative farming goes further Jul 31, 2020 · A more elaborate definition of agroforestry is ‘the intentional integration of trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming systems to create environmental, economic, and social benefits’. Regenerative agriculture, grounded in Indigenous ecological wisdom, embraces a holistic approach to production, prioritizing soil health and the well-being of people, animals, and the environment. Part-time. In its first year, the degree has rated number 1 in Australia for overall experience in the Good Universities Guide. The Certificate in Regenerative Agriculture is designed to prepare students to work in the field of regenerative agriculture. Mar 8, 2018 · The Pioneer of Regenerative Agriculture. t is an interdisciplinary approach, drawing from Agriculture, Environmental Sciences, Nutrition, or Communications and Education. It demonstrates the benefits of increasing carbon sequestration in the land through regenerative techniques. Instead, plant-based organic farmers use other methods to return nutrients and add organic matter to the soil. You will also learn about the economic and social benefits of regenerative agriculture, as well as Oct 25, 2020 · Regenerative agriculture is an alternative means of producing food that, its advocates claim, may have lower—or even net positive—environmental and/or social impacts. org. This module provides a foundation of scientific theory for understanding of the biological and ecological factors relating to food production. Our environmental conservation degree and regenerative agriculture certificate include a range of course topics covering plant science, biological diversity and other environmental issues that concern the planet. $60,000 - $70,000 a year. Jul 10, 2024 · Major Requirements. Drawing on multi-disciplinary knowledges, this course will provide graduate students a sound understanding of how to apply the principles and practices of regenerative agriculture in different farming contexts Regenerative Agriculture. My name is Tucker Gibbons, and I am an agronomist and customer success lead at Continuum Ag. You can focus on an area of professional practice by choosing a specialisation in Earth and Environmental Systems, Marine Systems, Forestry Systems or Regenerative Regenerative Farming is rapidly becoming a management option of interest for British agriculture. AGRC5001 - Regenerative Agriculture Principles and Research and create processes of regenerative organic agriculture systems and principles. Just transitioning 10-20 percent of agricultural production to best practice regenerative systems will sequester enough CO 2 to reverse climate change and restore the global climate. The farm is managed by the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service as a living demonstration of research-based, profitable, and environmentally sustainable agricultural practices for the Texas Blackland Prairie. It will develop specialist knowledge in a whole-of-system approach to farming, food distribution and production, examining human ecology, agro-ecology, regenerative agronomy, soil management and planning rural landscapes. Day shift. Oct 7, 2021 · Texas A&M AgriLife receives $10 million grant to improve agricultural production, reduce environmental footprint. This group will work with Mad Agriculture to assist local farmers in creating Carbon Farm Plans and build a framework for future adoption of carbon farming. The Definition of Regenerative Agriculture. edu. The bioreactor creates a fungal dominated The Graduate Diploma in Regenerative Agriculture provides students with insight into the processes of transition required to build more resilient farming systems and rural societies. regenerative agriculture. Company Profile: Force of Nature is a champion for regenerative agriculture and wildlife conservation. One of the key components of healthy Bachelor’s degrees delve deeper into science and economics, equipping students for roles in agribusiness or environmental management. Oregon Tilth, Inc. Remote in Corvallis, OR 97333. Regenerative Organic Agriculture is a systems-based approach to farming that leverages natural ecology to build soil, improve water efficiency, and increase biodiversity while emphasizing local food, feed, and fiber as the foundation of a strong community. Jun 23, 2022 · 1) Enabling cross-sector action. Net price: $14,842. Navigating the uncharted territory of regenerative agriculture in the Front Range will involve a Systems Thinking approach to integrate best practice, ecological context, economic answers@aru. If you already have a bachelor’s degree, you may earn a second degree by taking 60 additional credits or less. Develop a targeted mailing campaign to develop contacts with landowners and farmers interested in regenerative stewardship practices. Program. tucker@continuum. The Stiles Farm Foundation is a 2,716 acre farm located in Thrall, Texas in eastern Williamson County. Term 1. Apply to Agronomist, User Experience Researcher, Subject Matter Expert and more! Apr 21, 2022 · Regenerative agriculture’s principles and practices equip farmers and ranchers with the tools they need to build soil health, sequester carbon, increase biodiversity, reduce emissions, steward Typically responds within 5 days. Check out the latest programs and events in sustainable agriculture, including Journeyman Farmer Program, Extension trainings, farmer workshops, agricultural conferences and more. A-dae is a compelling voice against the injustices of colonization inflicted on Native People and for the acknowledgment of Indigenous People’s land stewardship as a basis for regenerative agriculture. A Bachelor’s degree is typically required to work within this profession. You can also design your degree by studying Regenerative Agriculture as a major in the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Business and Enterprise, Bachelor of Indigenous Knowledge or the Bachelor of About. Much better than a generic business degree. Nick founded Regenerative Agricultural Solutions in 2023 with the goal of stewarding the Earth in a holistic manner in order to sustain soil, water, and land health. This includes core ecosystem cycles such as energy, water and minerals by enhancing biological function. Posted 4 days ago ·. In other words, any practice that makes the AG 200 Introduction to Regenerative Agriculture. More than a mere alternative strategy, regenerative agriculture represents a fundamental Land and Community Fellow. Explore the climate connection. Learn more about this new department. in Agriculture – Agricultural Studies online program is flexible and convenient—featuring accelerated coursework and multiple start dates per year. (517) 204-7264. Arohi Sharma advocates for policies that promote regenerative agriculture to mitigate climate change, protect soil health, conserve Current mainstream farming methods are resulting in the loss of fertile soil and biodiversity, meaning that the world could run out of topsoil in about 60 years. Environmental and Agricultural Biosciences. And yes, an ag related degree is valuable. Oconomowoc, WI 53066. uga. Resilient, Regenerative, and Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Landscapes Explore agriculture and landscape systems that can recover from perturbations and improve the ecosystem and human conditions, while increasing yields and ecosystem services. The Regenerative Agriculture program is a 63 credit program, the first of its kind in British Columbia. Remote. This class acts as an introduction to Jan 18, 2023 · But there is currently an inconsistent understanding of what “regenerative agriculture” is, the practices it entails and outcomes it can achieve. Organic Conservation Specialist. And many of the methods and practices used in plant-based organic farming overlap with those See our FAQ here. The Apprenticeship in Sustainable Agriculture requires 250 hours of hands-on field work during one summer and fall. Regenerative agriculture is a conservation and rehabilitation approach to food and farming systems. The sustainable agriculture and food systems major offers three tracks of study: food and society; agriculture and ecology; and economics and policies. Choose a specialisation (the specialisation appears on your graduating testamur): Earth and Environmental Systems Develops skills and understanding of environmental science and management. Graduates may find work as soil lab technicians or pursue further study in the Southern Cross Bachelor of Science (Regenerative Agriculture) for more Regenerative Food, Farming and Enterprise is concerned with the growth of resilient human-scale food systems through inspiring, skilling and supporting a new generation of growers, entrepreneurs, organisations and activists. Pursuing a master’s or doctoral degree opens doors to specialized research in areas like genetics, soil science, and sustainability practices. $45,000 - $55,000 a year. Bachelor of Arts with Dual Specialization in Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems (120 credits) A minor in Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems which can be added to any Bachelor’s degree (24 credits) A stand-alone certificate in Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems (30 credits) The regenerative agriculture certificate also facilitates a seamless transition into related associate or bachelor’s degree programs with transferrable credits. No one has had more influence on the development of regenerative farming than Allan Savory, the provocative 82-year-old president and founder of the Savory Institute, a Boulder, Colorado, nonprofit that supports the restoration of grasslands across the globe. It also includes improving economic and social systems. Easily apply. Study holistic management of soils, water, fertilizers and more. Read More at caes. For those fascinated by the intersection of technology and American Olive Oil Producers Association (AOOPA) has been awarded a $2. If you have the opportunity to go to college, do it. Discover Best Practice Farming for a Sustainable 2050: University of Western Australia. uk. Working Landscapes. An Australian agricultural consultant earns an average of $115,336 per year. Hybrid work in Warrenton, NC 27589. My day-to-day work-life is depressing and repetitive, so I often end up too tired to make meaningful progress on my research. Stiles Farm Foundation. The RAL will engage with deeply challenging The future of hospitality. in Sustainable Agriculture, one of the few degrees specifically and wholly devoted to the topic on this list. Explore the fundamental interactions between plants, insects, soil and fungi systems and how they work together. Oregon Tilth is a leader in organic certification working to make our food and agriculture biologically sound and socially equitable. Jun 21, 2024 · The College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment offers the B. Sales Agronomist // Continuum Ag. Nov 10, 2021 · First Nations provides grants and technical assistance to strengthen native communities and economies. Overview. Candidates currently employed, or employed within the last year, by a public agency operating under a…. Regenerative agriculture is a systems-based approach to agriculture that leverages natural ecology to build soil, improve water efficiency, and increase biodiversity while emphasizing healthy food, feed, and fiber as the foundation of a strong community. The Interdisciplinary Masters Degree program allows students to build a tailor made graduate program that will support learning and research in the field of Regenerative Agriculture. 01245 686868. I've been interested in aquaponics and greenhouse agriculture for a while, and have wanted to go back to school for an ag-engineering degree for a while now, but I've been struggling to open doors. CRAR's interdisciplinary master's degree program allows graduate students to build a tailor made program that will support learning and research in the field of Regenerative Agriculture. In a Regenerative Agriculture Course, you can expect to learn about a wide range of topics related to regenerative agriculture, including soil health, agroforestry, biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and sustainable land management techniques. Employment Type Permanent/Full Time (40 hrs/week). From beef and sheep production to pasture poultry or pork as well as The Interdisciplinary Masters Degree program allows students to build a tailor-made graduate program that will support learning and research in the field of Regenerative Agriculture. Grazing and farming occur on these lands and there is an opportunity now to change human behavior and beliefs Through an 18-month onboarding process of intensive training and mentorship, Savory Hub leaders become best-in-class community organizers. Regional Sales Manager - West. ac. The U. Regenerative agriculture can change agriculture from being a major contributor to climate change to becoming a major solution. With access to Savory’s curriculum and programs, they are then able to create the conditions for change in their local farming community. Brian is excited to be on the the Tucker Gibbons. 57 an hour. Our goal is to draw down one million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent from the atmosphere by Veganic (vegan organic) farming means no animal by-products—like manure, bone-, blood-, fish-, or feather-meal—are used as fertilizer. We hope that this issue brief will inspire this thoughtful investment, and help finance professionals discover new partnerships to help farmers, the planet, and their communities thrive. Detail oriented and passionate about working with clients, Nick enjoys the feeling of accomplishment that comes in finding a solution that satisfies the client, while staying true What is Regenerative Agriculture? “Regenerative Agriculture” describes farming and grazing practices that, among other benefits, reverse climate change by rebuilding soil organic matter and restoring degraded soil biodiversity – resulting in both carbon drawdown and improving the water cycle. Vegetable Farm Manager 2024/2025. Cotton Belt to mitigate the effects of climate change, improve cotton producers’ livelihoods, and create a more resilient future for all. Utilize regenerative agriculture practices such as crop rotation and cover crops to maintain soil health and prevent pests and diseases. Of course, this takes significant planning, and, to some extent, investment. Jun 21, 2024 · Grasp the shifting landscape of agriculture and implement strategies to bolster resilience, amplify yields, and minimize environmental footprint. Faculty includes Adjunct Professor David Johnson who, with his wife Hui-Chun Su, developed the Johnson-Su Bioreactor. Over time you will recruit, lead, and scale a marketing team which will be responsible for social,…. Units cover ecology, ecosystem The ROA bachelor’s degree embraces a holistic, systems-based approach to farm management and ecological design that actively regenerates the environment and provides you with foundational knowledge in soil regeneration, water conservation, plant sciences, and permaculture design. Dec 9, 2019 · The new degree is a Bachelor of Science with a major in regenerative agriculture. In 2021 SCU will be launching a Graduate Certificate of At Chico State's College of Agriculture, we are educating and equipping future agricultural leaders by providing the most hands-on approach and opportunities for our students, faculty and staff to obtain before excelling in their prospective careers. Analyze the cultural, ecological and economic layers of complex food systems. I t is an interdisciplinary approach, drawing from Agriculture, Environmental Sciences, Nutrition or Communications and Education. Regenerative agriculture is an approach to farming that aims to conserve and restore farmland and its ecosystem, to improve soil health and soil fertility. Agriculture, Economics and Nature: University of Western Australia. Crucial for climate resilience, it fosters biodiversity, improves water quality, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and centers on the AGRC5001 - Regenerative Agriculture Principles and Practice. $75,000 - $95,000 a year. Our regenerative agriculture programs build Vegetable Farm Manager 2024/2025. Your in-depth knowledge of regenerative practices can lead to careers growing food, consulting, and resource management. Certified Regenerative by AGW is the only label to require audited, high-welfare production, transport and slaughter practices, incorporating the respected standards of Certified Animal Welfare Approved by AGW—the label with the single highest impact on consumer purchasing of any food label, according to The Hartman Group. Department: Osher Lifelong Learning Institute (OLLI) Regenerative agriculture focuses on improving soil health by disturbing the soil as little as possible, and keeping the ground covered and planted as much as possible. Active 8 days ago ·. . Regenerative agriculture has recently received significant attention from producers, retailers, researchers, and consumers, as well as politicians and the mainstream media. Jun 11, 2024 · regenerative agriculture, alternative to modern industrial agriculture that prioritizes conserving and rehabilitating the land, tailoring specific practices to local ecosystems and climates. He immigrated to Australia in 2000 and has delivered Holistic Management training and mentoring across Australia and in New Zealand since 2004, this has includ ed the nationally accredited Diploma in Holistic Management, and as a guest lecturer for the Southern Cross University Regenerative Agriculture degree. ENVR5007 - Building Resilience in a Changing Climate: Through Drought, Fire and Flood. These farm systems are designed to work in harmony with nature, while also The new degree is a Bachelor of Science with a major in regenerative agriculture. A-dae was interviewed by Arty Mangan Regenerative Agriculture is any practice, process or management approach that enhances the functioning of the systems on which it relies. The Diploma of Regenerative Agriculture is a one-year full-time (or part-time equivalent) pathway course that equips students with foundational knowledge and skills in Regenerative Agriculture. CRARS will be providing technical assistance to support the application process and subsequent implementation. Throughout 2023 and 2024, Growing our Future is bringing together food system actors in focused collaborative working sessions. Instead of looking for new ways to reduce negative impacts on specific symptoms of a locked-in system, a team of researchers from Utrecht, Amsterdam and Wageningen universities are exploring how a sustainable, “regenerative” farming system can be created in the Netherlands. To get started, take five minutes to apply for free online or visit our Gardner and Leominster campuses for a detailed general information session and campus tour. 8 hour shift. Typically responds within 9 days. Jan 25, 2021 · In 2020, Farming Together’s partner organisation the Regenerative Agriculture Alliance launched the first regenerative agricultural degree of its kind in the world. Upcoming Programs and Events. Monday to Friday + 1. From carbon sequestration to greenhouse gas emissions to cover crops, this fall a team of Texas A&M AgriLife faculty and others will begin evaluating the impacts of regenerative agriculture in semi-arid ecoregions in Texas and Regenerative agriculture farms or systems can be set up to function in the long-term such that the enterprise runs entirely, or almost entirely, on these principles of land restoration, regeneration, and integrative agroecology. Oct 26, 2023 · On the final day of the meeting there was a stand-alone session called the SB REGEN AG Summit. It will help you develop your knowledge and understanding of regenerative agricultural systems based on biological and Earn your degree at your own pace, on your own time. By connecting the classroom and the field, our students are getting the chance to be a part of Regenerative Agriculture may be studied either as a Diploma, Graduate Certificate, Graduate Diploma or as a specialisation in the Bachelor of Science. This improves water retention, crop yield, and nutrition quality, while avoiding soil erosion. Regenerative Organic Agriculture Undergraduate: BA in Regenerative Organic Agriculture (online or on-campus) Bachelor’s with Specialization in Regenerative Organic Agriculture (online or on-campus) Certificate in Regenerative Organic Agriculture (online or on-campus) Graduate: MS in Regenerative Organic Agriculture (online) Completion of two prerequisite classes that explore aspects of biodynamic, organic, regenerative, and sustainable agriculture & food; Completion a one-credit pre-internship spring semester course for Lund Fellows, taught by the Lund Program Coordinator and/or other professionals and potentially including visits to local farms and farmers’ markets Oct 9, 2018 · Conclusion. ENVR6008 - Ecological Perspectives for Transformational Change. Press Secretary, Communications. It focuses on topsoil regeneration, increasing biodiversity, [1] improving the water cycle, [2] enhancing ecosystem services, supporting biosequestration, [3] increasing resilience to climate change, and strengthening Jun 28, 2024 · The School of Food and Agriculture is a dynamic learning community and a state-wide resource. The department recognizes non-binary gender identifications, as well as the difference between assigned biological sex and gender expression. Our School offers B. Full-time + 1. In most situations, improving soil health and function is the key to improving productivity and biodiversity. S. We also offer, and participate in, a range of graduate programs at Agricultural Inspector II-Laterals From Other Public Agencies (PAEL APPLICATION PROCESS INFORMATION) Placer County. It encourages students, faculty and staff to share 68 Regenerative Agriculture Careers jobs available on Indeed. This program allows you to gain practical experience on farms or ranches of your choice, learning hands on skills for the enterprises you are interested in pursuing. IoT Enabled Farming: EDUCBA. View full calendar +. Stone Bank Farm Market. Mar 4, 2020 · Regenerative agriculture: a new way of thinking about food and farming. ENVR6009 - Supporting Change in Regenerative Systems. degrees in animal and veterinary sciences, environmental horticulture, food science and human nutrition, sustainable agriculture, and sustainable food systems. Our B. Bachelor of Science (Regenerative Agriculture) A sustainable approach to food and agriculture. Students will do this through a programme of integrated experiential learning, study alongside expert faculty and practitioners, meaningful work placement, and guided independent projects. Covid-19 Resources | Monkeypox Resources. ag. Term 2. May 9, 2024 · Ensure sustainable agriculture, regenerative agricultural practices and agritech programs are emphasized, developed, and integrated across government. $90,000 - $120,000 a year. Regenerative Cotton Fund advances the adoption of soil health management systems across the U. com. After getting an agricultural degree and also completing an apprenticeship I can say the apprenticeship was 10 times more conducive to my career than my degree was. $33,000 - $35,000 a year. Students in the agriculture and ecology track will focus on crop and animal production systems, ecology, and practices that mitigate negative impacts while producing 202-717-8288. Come to an Open Day. Passion and enthusiasm for regenerative agriculture. “Regenerative” is a term and concept that has been rapidly gaining traction over the past 4 to 5 Our 60-credit online Associate of Science Degree allows students to focus mostly on food, farming, and gardening classes. Force of Nature, LLC. Find Your Local hub. The Regenerative Agriculture Alliance (RAA) is a collaboration of Australia’s leading researchers and practitioners in regenerative agriculture, whose aim is to improve the holistic health and wellbeing of Australian landscapes, farmers and communities through regenerative agricultural research, education and practice. 30pm on the first and third Thursday of the month for staff training), and Friday 9am-4. Choose your own hours. The Bachelor of Science at Southern Cross University is a flexible degree allowing you to incorporate a wide range of subjects with career-focused science specialisations. These will be in person wherever possible, alongside other major events in the food and agriculture calendar, and geographically dispersed, to engage actors across the nations. Full-time. The BSc in Regenerative Food and Farming gives you the opportunity to explore leading-edge alternatives to mainstream agricultural practices and food systems. Published February 2024. Our degree in regenerative agriculture will help you gain insight into sustainable agribusiness practices and climate change mitigation. fe ls ea uk cu bm wv cd bh xb