Handwriting sequence. Day 3 Gross Motor Cursive Exercises.
Write your speech o. How the human motor cortex (MC) orchestrates sophisticated fine movements such as handwriting remains Handwriting is a foundational skill that leads students to automatic word recognition. However, little is known regarding the integral brain patterns and network mechanisms of processing Chinese character Targeting Handwriting NSW Year 3 Student Book. Then. ️ Hand grasp/pencil grasp development. Explore Handwriting Without Tears… Handwriting Without Tears Jul 4, 2024 · The proper way to write Chinese characters: the six main rules of Chinese stroke order. Instead, we teach letter formation separately, when needed, so that once those gaps are bridged, they can immediately apply their new learning. How It’s Used. Our example involves preprocessing labels at the character level. May 1, 2018 · An introductory guide about using correct writing sequences (CWS) and incorrect writing sequences (IWS) as measures of student writing (and in this case, writing fluency). Understand which letters belong to which handwriting ‘families Dec 7, 2018 · mix of cursive and print letters. Download all the resources you need for your Queensland handwriting and letter formation lessons in this handy pack. Reading with a reader’s eye: Phase 1b. There are three distinct stages for children to progress through to develop a good handwriting style: Stage 1 – Pre-handwriting Patterns. The BRUSH dataset (BRown University Stylus Handwriting) contains 27,649 online handwriting samples from a total of 170 writers. Your students should have strength and dexterity in Feb 28, 2021 · Writing sequences play an important role in handwriting of Chinese characters. Chinese: 从上到下 (cóng shàng dào xià) Example characters: 言, 方, 茶. September 28, 2023August 31, 2023 lucyteachchildren Leave a comment. February 16, 2023. Explore the Amplify CKLA Scope and Sequence documents. Some Greeks, however, write it just like a common hand-written Handwriting Trajectory Recovery using End-to-End Deep Encoder-Decoder Network, ICPR 2018. Crude Palmar Grasp – 3-5 Months Old. steps in the writing process. Nine numbats nibbled nice nuts. The findings also support the hypothesis that the handwriting of Transcript. inappropriate sizing and spacing of letters. The Twinkl Handwriting scheme intends to take all pupils on a journey to using fluent, speedy and joined handwriting The writing sequence: stage three. First. For additional practice, have your child use his or her finger to write the letters and din the air. After a long period of neglect in education, attention to teaching handwriting in the primary grades may finally be returning. Cut out the letter cards. Sequences follow a logical path of how the character gets from point A to point B. Most first grade students have developed the ability to produce the strokes needed for lower case letter formation. It is a very complex activity requiring intelligence that distinguishes human being from the rest of the animal species. Aug 7, 2021 · The first step to deciding upon a logical sequence for writing instruction is sitting down and assessing your choices. Oct 29, 2022 · A sequence is a group of scenes. This means that if there are two labels, e. This will serve as a kind of graphic organizer. Below, you can get a PDF of developmental progression of pre-writing lines and the Jul 23, 2021 · how to identify sequence when reading or viewing a text. Palmar Grasp – 6 Months Old. Used to denote what comes after something in time or order. The proposed architecture is inspired by two of the main cognitive psychology models relative to handwriting word recognition: the Serial Letter Recognition (SLR) and the Parallel Jul 30, 2023 · Typical Pencil Grasp Development in Kids. Mar 31, 2021 · The fact of using handwriting forces the brain to use all brain areas. The emphasis in Cursive Handwriting is on demonstration and practice of cursive letters and words. The story structure breakdown goes like this: There’s the full story. The findings show that no 2 individuals wrote all of the 61 radicals and characters with the same sequence of strokes. Sequence. However, this means that they will be trapped in a cycle of below-grade-level work while their peers move ahead. Day 3 Gross Motor Cursive Exercises. Bilateral coordination in the hands to be able Handwriting. You’ll find activities that address areas such as: How to teach specific letters in cursive. They are great for sensory handwriting techniques, too. This sequence has been designed to support students in demonstrating the outcomes: Jul 21, 2021 · Handwriting helps students store letters as linguistic symbols. Raking Grasp – 8 Months Old. The process from reading to writing Jun 20, 2022 · This paper proposes an attention based sequence-to-sequence model for handwritten word recognition. Our print and digital solution saves you time and cost in producing better student outcomes and success in school. Write the letter n on each line to finish these words. e letters 2Remember that names of special things, people or places always begin with upper-c. Different from other models that generate trajectory coordinates through a fully connected network, the method proposed in this paper outputs heat map sequence. Print it out for handing out to parents, other therapists, or to use in an Occupational Therapy home exercise program or education. The directress presents stages four, five, six, seven, and eight to the older child (4-5). We use the StringLookup layer for this purpose. It lays the groundwork for lifelong literacy through a proven approach to Structured Literacy that is aligned with the science of reading. Cursive Writing Paragraphs for Class 7 (Free Worksheet PDFs) Jul 29, 2016 · Get the cursive handwriting letter order sheet here. traits of skilled writers. Form capital letters. The dataset was introduced in the paper "Generating Handwriting via Decoupled Style Descriptors" by Atsunobu Kotani, Stefanie Letters should be taught in a developmental sequence in groups with similar strokes. Start by creating a worksheet with two columns. This sequence has been designed to support students in demonstrating the outcomes: Feb 5, 2024 · The state-dependent model decomposed the writing of a character into a sequence of primitive states, and we observed that a character was decomposed into a similar state sequence in multiple trials (Fig. Read the sentence. It also fosters a unique form of personal expression through handwriting. You can search for the Chinese characters you need by Handwriting j, y. The first of the two is the most typical, “the Greek way” of writing an alpha. It is an act of specialization and coordination of both hemispheres. One way that occupational therapy practitioners work with students in school based OT is by conducting handwriting assessments in occupational therapy. May 1, 2018 · Step 1: Introduce one cursive letter at a time. Through handwriting, they are able to express themselves and communicate with the world around them. aracter. Step 2: Begin with teaching lowercase cursive letters. Think of your child as re-learning to write the alphabet one letter at a time. and glue them down in order: first, next, last. Lowercase letters are emphasized in this program since most students have spent more time on upper case letters in preschool and kindergarten. Finger dexterity and strength needed for handwriting assignments. Handwriting – Whole School Progression Map. Although there exist some general heuristic stroke sequence rules, sometimes these rules can be inconsistent making it difficult to apply Oct 22, 2021 · Aiming at this problem, we propose a handwriting reconstruction method based on a spatial-temporal encoder-decoder network with constrains. Direct instruction, letter animation, and graphics introduce letters and words that can easily be practiced by the students during and after the television lesson. Occupational therapy handwriting assessments analyze the components of handwriting to discover what may be leading to sloppy or illegible handwriting. Click on the pencil icon to the right of the search box to open the handwriting panel. Included are child-friendly formation charts for practicing capital letters, lowercase letters, and numbers — so you’ll know the language and stroke sequence to use. Example: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, This sequence has a difference of 3 between each number. It begins with scribbling as a baby and turns into lines, circles, and other shapes. This automaticity leaves mental energy for the written composition of writing. Enter events into the left-hand column as the author presented them in the story. skills students will need to learn. These scribbles, lines, and shapes are the beginning of letter formations and are so important in handwriting development. Transitions Video Playlist Note that these videos were created while APA 6 was the style guide edition in use. Select the skill book that aligns with your instructional needs. Then, learners write what happened first, next, and last based on the pictures. This indicates that despite some basic rules for the sequence of strokes in writing Chinese characters, writers tend to develop their own habits. She begins by showing the child how to place all the straight letters ( a, e, c, o, s, w, etc) between the lines. Each sequence advances the story a step further. Apr 18, 2021 · Writing sequences play an important role in handwriting of Chinese characters. Learners cut out the pictures and word bank from the bottom of the page. In Year 1 (age 5–6), your child will learn to: Sit correctly at a table, holding a pencil comfortably and correctly. In other words, we just add some value each time on to infinity. Ready-to-use printables and editable resources enrich instruction, and game-based learning makes practice feel like play! These pages were created to support in-class and at-home handwriting practice. 1. Trace over each n and N with your pencil. Radial Digital Grasp – 8-10 Months. Capturing ideas, learning the skills, practising, planning, having a go. Specific instruction is given for both right- and left-handed students on correct Jun 7, 2021 · Use a tracing font that has numbers and arrows so kids know where to start and how to sequence the letter formation. Explanation: In these sentences, the author is drawing on sequence or time, highlighting what happened both before and after the housing crisis. Handwriting styles which allow all the lower-case letters to join are best for children as they make their handwriting fluent and quick, by reducing the strain on their hand, wrist and fingers. Day 4 Cursive Letter Families. Handwriting is produced by finely coordinated and precisely articulated movements of the hand, finger, and arm, manipulating a tool which leaves a trace on a surface with the ultimate control being responsible – the brain. However, little is known regarding the integral brain patterns and network mechanisms of processing Chinese character Jan 31, 2007 · Comparison of the sequence of strokes executed by the subjects with the standard rule of writing these Chinese radicals and characters revealed that around 60% of the subjects wrote in the correct sequence. To find a missing number, first find a Rule behind the Sequence. Ian Pulizzotto. Additional Resources Example writing prompts : These prompts from the Virginia Department of Education intended for Grade 5 can be used to help students write more during The ‘English Stage 2 – Instructional sequence – Handwriting and digital transcription’ is a suggested sequence to support the planning of explicit, systematic and cumulative handwriting and digital transcription lessons for students in Years 3 and 4. Digital Learning Platform. Aug 25, 2023 · Handwriting is an essential life skill. 31 Days of Cursive Handwriting: Day 1 Positioning When Writing in Cursive. in a story. Ladder Letters: l, i, t, u, j, y. Each activity listed below covers a different aspect of cursive writing. Here’s a chart showcasing 10 common sequence words and how they’re typically used in writing: Sequence Word. What your child will learn. Student Editions Play Video. We support online handwritten recognition for querying Chinese characters. It includes reference resources and worksheets. Some sequences follow a specific pattern that can be used to extend them indefinitely. Actually the explicit formula for an arithmetic sequence is a (n)=a+ (n-1)*D, and the recursive formula is a (n) = a (n-1) + D (instead of a (n)=a+D (n-1)). ️ Postural control. 2. genres or modes of writing. $18. Think about what you would say if you were thi. In stage four of the writing sequence, the directress uses a lined felt mat and The large movable alphabet. When handwriting is automatic, ideas can flow. Suggests the following step or point in a sequence. Penpals for Handwriting (second edition) Penpals for Handwriting is a complete handwriting scheme for 3–11 year olds that offers clear progression through five developmental stages: physical preparation for handwriting; securing correct letter formation; beginning to join along, securing the joins and practicing speed, fluency and developing a personal style. Decodable Phonics Book Scope & Sequence. difficulty copying words. Story sequencing is also a precursor for more sophisticated ways of Dec 7, 2022 · Before we can expect a child to be successful in handwriting, these building block skills need to be in place: ️ Pre-writing skills – future letter formation skills. In its simplest terms, identifying a sequence in a text involves identifying the beginning, the middle, and the end. 6 years ago. Stick letters all start towards the top or halfway down on the left hand side of the letter space. The Importance of Teaching Handwriting. This attention can benefit many youngsters, including those with learning disabilities (LDs) involving handwriting, which may accompany reading disabilities, writing Stage 3 - Joining letters. Each number in the sequence is called a term (or sometimes "element" or "member"), read Sequences and Series for a more in-depth discussion. Every sequence is labeled with intended characters such that dataset users can identify to which character a point in a sequence corresponds. For example, children who can write smoothly and clearly are better able to use writing to record thoughts and ideas. The foundation of good handwriting is the correct pencil grip. Top to bottom. They represent one way to plan for student learning. 2. Sequences can have formulas that tell us how to find any term in the sequence. The sample instructional sequences provide a suggested sequence to support the planning of explicit, systematic and cumulative handwriting and digital transcription lessons for students in Years 3 to 6. Its Rule is xn = 3n-2. Form digits 0–9. writing the strokes in the correct sequence. Micrographia (abnormally small letter size) is the most commonly reported and easily detectable handwriting abnormality in patients with PD. writing standards. Pair comparison of sequences of strokes in Chinese handwriting among the 372 subjects was also performed. Teacher modelling Planning, drafting, editing, writing. 11% OFF RRP. Write quotation marks at the beginning and at the end of the words tha. It’s like a mini-story within the full story, and it has a beginning, middle, and end. One of the easiest ways to recognize the order of events is to look out for the sequencing words or transitions that are used to connect the various parts of the text. Instead of focusing merely on CNN models, this article takes the features of Chinese handwritten character into consideration and manages to extract the Nov 21, 2019 · Teaching cursive writing is a longstanding element of early education, emphasizing the development of fine motor skills. Programs PRE-K TO GRADE 3 | TIER 1 & TIER 2 Fundations’ multimodal approach to reading, spelling, and handwriting makes learning to read fun for students and teachers. Doughnut letters all start on the right side of the letter space, just below the halfway point. Day 2 Cursive Writing Lesson Plan. c. Indicates the beginning of a series or a step-by-step process. Palmar Supinate Grasp – 12-15 months old. Day 6 Cursive Letter Formation: Wave Letters. This is the sequence that is followed: Hand and finger strength Seating position Pencil grip Tracing Patterns Over teacher’s writing (highlighter) Under teacher’s writing (directly under words – write in large letters, leave large spaces Story sequence is the order in which events take place in a narrative. Children are taught the letters in these groups rather than in alphabetical order. Here is the order that I teach letters in handwriting. Last, study the interplay between the two columns. 3. the speech. In the bundle pack, there are 20 different sequence writing pages. Creative cursive practice ideas. We have dedicated documents for the Skills and Knowledge Strands in Grades K–2, and comprehensive Scope and Sequence documents for Grades 3–5. Make textured letters by attaching dry noodles, sand, or glitter with glue. Feb 6, 2024 · The findings unveil that skilled, sophisticated movements are decomposed into a sequence of primitive movements that are programmed through state-specific neural configurations, and this hierarchical control mechanism sheds new light on the design of high-performance brain-computer interfaces. In an Arithmetic Sequence the difference between one term and the next is a constant. the lines. Handwriting Heroes is a turnkey solution that requires minimal training and preparation. Working on left to right pre-writing lines/shapes and letter formations. unusual body or Scope and Sequence Grade K Grade 1 Grade 2M Grade 2C (manuscript/cursive) Basic Strokes15–36 14–21 10–13 10–11, 52–55, 60–61, 104–105 Writing a letter involves: recalling the motor plan (the sequence of strokes), selecting the starting position for the letter within the letter space e. Children also need to write for many school lessons and tasks. Handwriting skills help children develop reading and spelling skills. Handwriting is one of the more complicated hand function we can develop, as it also requires cognitive connections with other parts of our brain so we can produce a written text. slow or labored writing. Now, nearly half of the states in the US require cursive is taught in elementary public schools. The Teaching Sequence for Writing is still the most recommended approach for the teaching of reading and writing. By age 6, kids should be holding their pencil with a tripod, or three finger, pencil grasp. The proposed architecture has three main parts: an encoder, consisting of a CNN and a bi-directional GRU, an attention mechanism devoted to focus on the pertinent features and a decoder formed by a one-directional GRU, able to spell the Amplify Core Knowledge Language Arts® (CKLA) is grounded in the Science of Reading and offers a powerful, evidence-based instructional approach. Topics sequence-to-sequence-models drawring-order-recovery handwriting-trajectory-recovery conv-to-sequence Type your hanzi (Chinese Character) in the search (You can also paste it), the animated stroke order can be played automatically. Radial Palmar Grasp – 7 Months Old. Handwriting recognition has been a heated topic over years. g. Hand strength needed to grasp a pencil. 📝 When students have the precise motor sequence for forming each letter, it is automated and recalled without conscious effort. The order is loosely based on Handwriting Without Tears (Learning without Tears) order for teaching letter formation, but I like to break down that list into smaller groups, and build letter formation concepts off previously learned motor planning. Doughnut letters all start on the right side of Bravo! Curriculum Dates of Unit Sequence of Letters Introduced: (REQUIRED) Suggested Weekly Sequence: (FLEXIBLE) Unit 1 All About Me September 7 – October 9 Intro to Materials: No Letter Instruction 9/7 & 9/14: Activities #1-#6 9/21 & 8/28: Activities #7 - #15 10/5: Activities #16 - #21 Unit 2 Families & Communities October 12 – November 27 Twinkl Handwriting offers a school-side consistent approach with a planned sequence of lessons to help teachers ensure they have progressively covered the skills required to meet the aims of the national curriculum for writing transcription and the related Early Learning Goals. A Chinese character is composed of several strokes ordered in a particular sequence. These resources focus on the physical act of handwriting to help children develop motor automaticity in their handwriting, starting with the key concepts When teaching letter formation, certain letters are grouped together because of their similarities. Sep 29, 2017 · How to Teach Cursive Handwriting. A Sequence is a set of things (usually numbers) that are in order. In simplest terms, sequencing a story means identifying the main narrative components — the beginning, middle, and end—as a first step towards retelling the events of the story in logical order. Do a two-step lesson over a period of several days: Pick up a pencil and hold it in the air to check that it’s the correct grip. Pre writing strokes include straight lines, diagonal lines, and shapes. Once learners have been taught the basic linking techniques, they can be continually encouraged to write words by clustering or chunking learned sequences of Research-based and proven effective, Zaner-Bloser Handwriting helps students learn to write in manuscript and cursive with just 15 minutes of instruction per day. The word bank has words that the student may need to write his/her sentences. For example, 2,5,8 follows the pattern "add 3," and now we can continue the sequence. Schedule a consultation Order now […] Empowering Expression. Finding Missing Numbers. The Scope and Sequence of the Handwriting Heroes Curriculum. The present study decoded brain patterns during observing Chinese characters in motion by using multi-voxel pattern Apr 18, 2024 · The Three Stages to Learning Handwriting. Due to the development of deep learning, a lot of research has been done to apply convolutional neural network (CNN) model to this task, which have achieved outstanding accuracy. Teaching Sequence in Handwriting. . The brain hemispheres are composed by four lobes: Frontal lobe: Located in the front section. The stroke sequence contains useful online information for handwriting recognition and handwriting education. Jun 1, 2021 · Writing sequences play an important role in handwriting of Chinese characters. Abstract. Pencil Grip. Phase 2. Decodable Phonics Books are focused on essential skills for reading proficiency. The difference is than an explicit formula gives the nth term of the sequence as a function of n alone, whereas a recursive formula gives the nth term of a Queensland Letter Formation Resource PacK. Hand manipulation skills needed to pick up and put down a pencil, plus moving a pencil to form letters across the paper. Cursive letter order. Remember the lowercase n looks just like the start of the humpy pattern. The dataset was introduced in the paper "Generating Handwriting via Decoupled Style Descriptors" by Atsunobu Kotani, Stefanie Tellex, James Tompkin from Brown University, presented at European Conference Arithmetic Sequences. Sequences are ordered lists of numbers (called "terms"), like 2,5,8. So, either you’re here because: You’re a school Below, are some of resources that can help the visual-spatial, fine motor and other handwriting symptoms associated with dysgraphia. The videos lead teachers and students step-by-step through each lesson. Set 5: Letters C, O, Q, E, L, G. Schools are strongly encouraged to make changes to meet the learning needs of all students. Use the Sep 9, 2021 · The Three Stages to Learning Handwriting. Aug 26, 2016 · These resources cover how to teach cursive writing from a hands-on approach. Children in Preschool and Pre-K benefit from daily experiences that support the development of fine motor skills in their hands and fingers. Phase 3. Apr 13, 2020 · Pre-writing lines are strokes and shapes that a child learns in a developmental sequence. Each book has a high volume of targeted phonics words, has at least 80% decodability, and is written around a skills category for cumulative review. Form lowercase letters in the correct direction, starting and finishing in the right place. Ladder Letters is usually the first group taught because the letters only require simple, straight hand movements. Children generally begin to join letters from the age of 6 to 7 years old, if taught a cursive letter font style. If your child is not using the correct pencil grip, this is the first thing to correct when practicing handwriting. "cat" and "dog", then our character vocabulary should be {a, c, d, g, o, t} (without any special tokens). Let’s practise writing the letter nN. The present study decoded brain patterns during observing Chinese characters in motion by using multi-voxel pattern analysis, meta-analytic decoding analysis, and extended unified Writing. Targeting Handwriting is a comprehensive primary handwriting program that develops a solid foundation for handwriting success for students in Years K–6. Pretend you are a character. The Zaner-Bloser method has helped generations of students to write fluently and efficiently and enjoy a measurable impact on their short- and long-term academic success. Color it Demonstrate on the board a few sample Pencil Pick-Up strokes: rain, spokes, grass, or legs. They help the them to learn the shapes and directional pushes and pulls required to form letters. Inferior Pincer & Pincer Grasp – 10 Months Old. Note: Uppercase letter N is a head and body Bravo! Curriculum Dates of Unit Sequence of Letters Introduced: (REQUIRED) Suggested Pacing: (FLEXIBLE) Unit 1 All About Me Week of September 5 – Week of October 10 Intro to Materials: No Letter Instruction 9/5 & 9/12: Activities #1-#6 9/19 & 9/26: Activities #7 - #15 10/3 & 10/10: Activities #16 - #21 Unit 2 Families & Communities The ‘English Stage 3 – Instructional sequence – Handwriting and digital transcription’ is a suggested sequence to support the planning of explicit, systematic and cumulative handwriting and digital transcription lessons for students in Years 5 and 6. Nov 1, 2017 · The majority of patients with Parkinson's disease ( PD) have handwriting abnormalities. Cursive or ‘joined’ writing Learning about common sequences of letters in written English and the learning of joined handwriting to increase writing speed are complementary processes. Pre-handwriting patterns support a child towards handwriting success. Next. These A-Z letter formation worksheets are a great resource for teaching letter formation of upper case and lower case letters segmentally to establish a motor plan. We can consider…. $16. 95. However, little is known regarding the integral brain patterns and network mechanisms of processing Chinese character writing sequences. This letter order focuses on teaching handwriting based on development. Some Greeks do employ cursive forms in their hand-writing, but the practice is not used widely. Write n and N inside the lines. Improving their penmanship, legibility, pencil grasp, and working on problem areas are all important things that need to be addressed, whether you are a homeschool parent, teacher, therapist, or just supplementing your child's classroom activities. In the right-hand column, order events as they really happened. Make marks for just a few seconds—about five—then stop, drop the pencil, and repeat. Feb 15, 2016 · Developmental prgression of pre-writing strokes. May 7, 2024 · In fact, I have an entire learn-to-read program that includes letter recognition! How Wee Read covers it all, from rhyming to reading in 60 sequential, simple, and beautiful lessons: Step One: Phonological Awareness (7 lessons) Step Two: Letters, Sounds, and Blending (12 lessons) Step Three: Special Rules (5 lessons) Step Four: Familiar Readers Feb 16, 2023 · Colleen Beck OTR/L. Note that this program is targeted towards younger students. Handwriting Without Tears® For hands-on materials, and an entire curriculum for Pre-K through 5th grade, HWT is a one-stop-shop. Why not also check out our Handwriting Lines QLD? You might also like this Australia Day-Themed Letter Writing Worksheet. This developmental sequence is: When teaching letter formation, certain letters are grouped together because of their similarities. 2014. Aug 16, 2021 · This guide provides a comprehensive introduction. Handwriting Without Tears 2025 embraces the science of reading and of handwriting with a dynamic offering that is intuitive and customizable to student and classroom needs. Through time-tested methods of letter formation, students embark on the pathway to reading and writing excellence while connecting letters to sound and fortifying the alphabetic principle. Here are the essential stroke order rules for writing simplified Chinese characters: 1. Trace the letters with your finger, following the correct letter formation. Pre-writing strokes refer to the lines that young children need to form before they are developmentally capable of writing letters. May 10, 2018 · The model transforms a variable-length sequence of handwritten word image slides into the variable-length sequence of the characters that conform the previous word. Fine motor skills refer to the small muscles in the hands that are most often used for writing, grasping small objects, fastening clothing, and more. Each letter should be introduced slowly and practiced consistently before moving on to the next step. difficulty visualizing words before writing them. 2f), indicating that the primitive state sequence was stored in long-term memory, instead of being composed online during movement. However, micrographia is perhaps the tip of the iceberg representing the handwriting abnormalities in PD. ️ Fine motor control – this includes pincer grasp and in-hand manipulation skills. May 2, 2020 · Similarly, capital letters can be taught in the following sequence. Some cursive, or “calligraphic” forms are given below, next to the more common non-cursive ones. Day 5 Pre-Cursive Activities. That is where sequences of ideas are created, where thoughts are elaborated and the written content is planned. Writing sequences play an important role in handwriting of Chinese characters. We do love to share creative ways to teach cursive letters and letter order is just a starting point when parents or teachers are wondering where to begin. sw uo ch zi cl ff mm it ju en
